Calcium-tolerant anionic surfactants

One of the problems of applying anionic surfactants in, for example, laundry detergents is the precipitation of calcium salts. Much effort has been directed towards avoiding precipitation. There are at least three ways for tackling the problem. The first involves the use of a large quantity of
surfactant to solubilize the calciums alt of the surfactant. A second approach uses additives (builders) in order to enhance tolerance towards calcium ions. Phosphates, zeolites and silicates possess a larger affinity for calcium ions and prevent, by binding calcium ions, the decreas in detergency. The third option is the development of anionic surfactants which do not precipitate in the presence of calcium ions. This thesis deals mainly with the third option.

Summary

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