Water-in-oil emulsions as adjuvant for inactivated vaccines

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The aim of this thesis is to investigate potential mechanisms responsible for the high efficacy of W/O emulsions as a vehicle for inactivated vaccines. Pharmaceutical characteristics of the emulsion and immunological parameters associated with emulsion variants were addressed, together with in-vitro antigen release release studies. Unless indicated otherwise, all in vivo studies were performed in three-weeks old Specific Pathogenic Free (SPF) chickens. Vaccines were inoculated by intramuscular injection. Most vaccines contained at least one of three types of inactivated viral avian antigens: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Clone 30, infectious bronchitis (IBV) strain Massachusetts 41 and inactivated infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) strain D78. Local reaction scores and antigen-specific serum responses were determined using standardized methods established at Intervet, Boxmeer, The Netherlands.

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